Curated Collection

Modern Philosophy

Thinkers and essays gathered around this school of thought.

6Thinkers
2Thoughts
21Major Works
9Archive Entries
Early Modern · EnlightenmentTime Period
Featured Thinker

René Descartes

Uses radical doubt, clarity, mind-body questions, and rational foundations to examine knowledge and certainty.

“I think, therefore I am.”
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Across time

A history of Modern Philosophy

Voices

Thinkers

1632–1704

John Locke

Examines empiricism, identity, tolerance, education, property, government, and rights through practical liberal reasoning.

Empiricism · Modern Philosophy · Political Philosophy
1711–1776

David Hume

Challenges certainty through skepticism, habit, causation, emotion, morality, religion, and human nature.

Empiricism · Ethics · Modern Philosophy
1724–1804

Immanuel Kant

Structures thought around reason, duty, autonomy, experience, judgment, and the limits of what humans can know.

Ethics · Metaphysics · Modern Philosophy
1770–1831

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Interprets history, consciousness, contradiction, freedom, and social institutions through dialectical development.

Metaphysics · Modern Philosophy · Political Philosophy
1596–1650

René Descartes

Uses radical doubt, clarity, mind-body questions, and rational foundations to examine knowledge and certainty.

Metaphysics · Modern Philosophy · Rationalism
1632–1677

Baruch Spinoza

Explores God or Nature, freedom, emotion, ethics, necessity, and human flourishing through geometric reasoning.

Ethics · Metaphysics · Modern Philosophy
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Questions within the collection

tabula rasaempiricismnatural rightsconsentreligious tolerationinduction problembundle theorysentimentalismcausation as habitskepticism
Ideas

Thoughts

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Carry Modern Philosophy into a living dialogue.

Begin with one thinker, bring several voices into council, or make the disagreements visible in a debate.

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